What type of stormwater design is illustrated by swales?

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Swales are a form of stormwater management that functions as an open system. Unlike closed systems, which typically involve conduits and pipes to transport stormwater away from a site, swales are designed to manage water on the surface and allow it to flow through a natural, vegetated channel. They help in controlling runoff, reducing soil erosion, and filtering pollutants through the vegetation and soil in the swale, promoting groundwater recharge in the process.

In this context, an open system allows for more natural handling of stormwater, integrating hydrological functions within the landscape rather than relying on mechanical drainage systems. Swales can effectively manage water flow, enhance water quality, and contribute to ecological function, making them an excellent example of an open system design in stormwater management.