Which of the following is a common effect of urbanization on local hydrology?

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Urbanization significantly alters local hydrology, primarily due to the development of impervious surfaces such as roads, buildings, and parking lots. These surfaces prevent water from infiltrating the ground, directly leading to increased surface runoff. When it rains, the water cannot soak into the soil as easily, resulting in a greater volume flowing over the surface and into drainage systems and water bodies. This not only raises the quantity of runoff but can also contribute to flooding, increased sediment transport, and changes in streamflow patterns. Therefore, the transformation of land into impervious areas is a key factor in the hydrological impacts of urban development, making increased runoff due to such surfaces a common and observable effect of urbanization.